The Long Awaited Rescue For International Trade - 3212 Words

DISSERTATION UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS WHOLLY OR PARTLY BY SEA (ROTTERDAM RULES) – THE LONG AWAITED RESCUE FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE OR ANOTHER WASTED ATTEMPT? CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NECESSITY TO MODERNISE THE TRADE LAW At the time of writing the international trade or to be more precise, international carriage of goods by sea is governed mainly either by already existing international regimes known as Hague, Hague – Visby and Hamburg Rules or the national regimes which are evolved as hybrids of the aforementioned Conventions. The current number of different ways to regulate one and the same field – international transit by sea – without a doubt is too big to ensure the unify†¦show more content†¦International community admits that frequently - shipper is the one less powerful contracting party and absolute freedom of contract would result in unfair and imbalance outcome. It would not be a big mistake to amount shipper and carrier relationships to the ones of consumer and seller respectively. Therefore, international instrument is an essential condition to ensure a fair balance between bargaining parties as well as to encourage the development of international commerce. Moreover, the cost of diversity in legal regimes end up with years of expensive and complex international litigation between contracting parties who are established under the different legal regimes. Consequently prolonged litigation creates a number of obstacles for international trade which respectively impede an expansion of international trade. Since the international community is well aware of these underlying issues the work towards global harmonisation was carried constantly. Proceedings have not been stopped after the success of Hague Rules. Four decades later the amendments to Hague Rules have been produced and as well as its predecessor, the protocol of Hague-Visby Rules been widely accepted. However, international trade evermore been and still is a rapidly evolving area. Especially over the last century, maritime trade has experienced a sharp increase in a number of breakthroughs/innovations designated to serve the international trade. Moreover,

The Genocide And The Holocaust - 1198 Words

There have been several genocides in the past century. The Cambodian Genocide and the Holocaust are two of the great tragedies of the twentieth century. The Holocaust occurred in Germany and Eastern Europe. The Cambodian genocide took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was an overwhelming communist force that took Phnom Penh by surprise. In Cambodia, â€Å"21% of the population was killed. That is about 1.7 million people that lost their lives† (â€Å"Past Genocides†). There was little commotion or outcry from the world after Cambodia, but after the Holocaust, there were museums and memorials built, and extensive integration into the curriculum of students everywhere. The methods, persecutions of certain groups, and the prohibition of†¦show more content†¦The stages are classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial. (â€Å"Stanton†) These stages continue throughout the entire process. The Holocaust occurred during World War II. It began in January 30, 1933, when Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. The Nazi’s, or National Socialists, was Hitler’s party. He became head of the party in 1921, right after the defeat of Germany in World War I. The Nazi party was mainly based on nationalism and racism. They promoted Aryan (German) supremacy and a plan to restore Germany to its greatness. Their one goal was to purify Germany. This plan was known as the â€Å"final Solution†. Numerous groups were persecuted, tortured, forced into labor camps, raped, and killed. These groups include Jews, Slavs, Roma, Jehovah’s Witness, homosexuals, disabled, and anyone who opposed Germany s political or religious views. Jews were the main target of the Holocaust for many reasons; one being that the Nazi’s had a distorted view of history and the Jews intentions (â€Å"Holocaust†). They believed the Jews

Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Changed to 21 free essay sample

Everyone knows that it is illegal to drink alcohol until the age of 18. Many people are in agreement with this legal age. Some would even say that it should be raised. However, the legal drinking age sometimes causes more trouble than it prevents. Why is 18 the magical age that makes one intelligent and mature enough to consume alcohol? Theres a idea that immature people are less likely to handle the effects of alcohol, so why is the random age limit (at age 18). We all know that some people under 21 who can drink responsibly, and some over 21 with no hope of ever drinking responsibly, Why isn’t the limit 21 or 35 or 40? This apparently random number is associated with adulthood, as if the day a person turns 21 they know everything and are mature. The first reason why the legal drinking age should not be changed to 21 is the fact that in Australia, the legal drinking age has been 18 for many years, why change it now? Many parents of todays teenagers were legally allowed to drink at 18. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Changed to 21? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Todays teenagers face more responsibility and are treated more like adults than their parents were. This makes the 21 restriction seem ridicules. At 18, people are considered adults. It is the view of many people that if it is legal for 18 year olds to drive cars, fly planes, vote, marry, pay taxes and take out loans. then it should defiantly be legal for them to drink alcohol. The second reason Todays legal drinking age should not be changed to 21 is that Prohibiting the sale of liquor to young adults creates an impression where binge drinking and alcohol abuse have become a problem. Banning drinking for young people makes alcohol a teasing banned rule. Teenagers look at drinking as something exciting and something that may bring there mates closer together. It is viewed as an adult activity and teenagers want to be adults as soon as possible. In order to get a drink, teenagers will carry fake I. D. s ask people to buy for them or even sneak drinks from their parents Homes. Therefore do not change the legal drinking age to 21. The third reason why the legal drinking age should not be changed to 21 With schools focusing on education about safe drinking instead of limit. Young people learn to view sensible drinking as an enjoyable social activity rather than as something they have to sneak around to do. Without this kind of system, If 18 year olds do not have legal access to even a beer in a public place, they are aren’t up to to dealing with the responsibilities that come with drinking when they do have the right. The drinking age should be kept at 18 because the raising the age has no real basis. With a higher drinking age, more problems will be present. All need to do is teach responsible drinking, not forbid teens from drinking. The problems, which make a drinking age limit necessary, are better solved through keeping drinking level the same age and more education on responsible drinking.

Odyssey Essays (700 words) - Odyssey, Odysseus, Trojan War

Odyssey The Odyssey, written by Homer, is the story of Odysseus and how he faced misfortune in his attempts to return home after the Trojan war. From these misfortunes he learned to be a better man and became able to regain his place in his homeland of Ithaca. During his journeys Odysseus often makes the mistake of staying to boast to his enemies but learns that doing so gives his opposition a chance to seek retribution against him. After leaving Troy Odysseus attacks the land of the Cicones. Instead of leaving after his victory, he stays to celebrate until a force is rallied against him and he must flee with many casualties. Afterwards Odysseus and his crew land on the island of the Cyclops. They are attacked and some are eaten by Polyphemus. After intoxicating the great Cyclops, Odysseus and his men blind the monster with a heated spear. The men could have made an escape without incident but Odysseus mocked Polyphemus and shouted out his real name, when before Odysseus had told him that his name was "Noman." With this new information Polyphemus prays to his father Poseidon to have Odysseus and his men punished. Having angered Poseidon, they must wander throughout the sea slowly dying one by one. Odysseus learns that bragging can have ill effects and uses this knowledge on the island of the Phaecians and Ithaca when he does not openly boast of his deeds and his journeys. Odysseus also learns to pay close attention to the instructions of the gods, or he might have to face a terrible price. When Odysseus and his crew landed at the island of Aeolus, they were given a parting gift that would have helped them greatly if they had paid heed to the warnings of Aeolus. He gave Odysseus a bag full of the bad winds that would keep them from their home of Ithaca. Odysseus and his crew were in sight of the homeland they had waited so long to see, when a band of rebel crewmen opened the bag creating a great gale that blew them back to Aeolus. When Aeolus saw this he believed that Odysseus was cursed and banished him from the island. This is not the only time Odysseus was betrayed by his men and suffered a great price. When they landed on the island of Hyperion, bad winds prevented them from leaving. Food soon became low; and when Odysseus fell asleep, the crew killed the cows of Hyperion against numerous warnings. Hyperion was infuriated to see this and had all of Odysseus' men killed in a great storm. Odysseus learns that the gods must be respected in order for any man to succeed. During his journey Odysseus uses what he has learned from his mistakes to return home and kill the suitors. On the island of the Cicones, and with his encounter with Polyphemus, Odysseus learns that bragging can bring damaging circumstances. On Ithaca Odysseus never brags to the suitors and is able to enter his house without the suitors knowing his real identity. He takes the punishment of Antinous and the other suitors without saying a word and is able to observe those who have invaded his house. Odysseus is able to see who is loyal and who is not and take his revenge with the suitors never knowing who he was until the final moment. Odysseus also learns to respect the gods. When he landed on Aeaea, the island of Circe, he follows the instructions given to him by Hermes so that he can overcome Circe and free his men. Odysseus follows the instructions that Circe had given him very closely; entering and leaving Hades without misfortune and using wax in the ears of his crew to pass the Sirens. Odysseus becomes a better man through his journeys and is able to return to his homeland to restore his name. Throughout his wanderings for home, Odysseus becomes a humbler and more respectful man. The once boastful man learns that his bragging can bring people against him, and is quieter than before he left for Troy. He also learns that the immortal gods of Olympus can be merciful and bring great prosperity, but they also punish those that disobey their wishes. Everytime Odysseus has not been respectful he has been severely punished and his trip home delayed. Out of this great tragedy he has become a greater man to regain his kingdom and live a long life.